缺少密閉空間工作裝備

　　New standards needed

　　死亡人數(shù)上升的原因之一是缺乏合適的安全裝備。

　　需要新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

　　improper action in case of an emergency.

　　演習(xí)：國(guó)際海上人命安全公約(SOLAS)要求每?jī)蓚€(gè)月進(jìn)行一次應(yīng)急練習(xí)和演習(xí)。當(dāng)前的演習(xí)是基于已有人在密閉空間中昏迷，需要立即救援的緊急情況。練習(xí)目的是救援，而不是進(jìn)進(jìn)封閉空間。

　　One of many reasons for the rising death toll is a lack of proper safety equipment.

　　The topic of lack of equipment and safety measures for working in enclosed spaces is being discussed by BIMCO and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and it has been agreed to develop a new standard to encompass these requirements.

　　官方參與：內(nèi)部審計(jì)主要審查以往封閉空間工作程序和記錄的文件證據(jù)。偶然一些演習(xí)會(huì)被監(jiān)視，但該監(jiān)視工作卻會(huì)在相對(duì)較短的時(shí)間內(nèi)進(jìn)行，因此沒有充足時(shí)間來研究此類工作的實(shí)際方面。

　　Drills: The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) requires emergency training and drills to be conducted once every two months. Current drills are based on an emergency scenario where the starting point is that someone is already lying unconscious in the space and needs immediate rescue. The drills focus on the rescue rather than the entry to the enclosed space.

　　The statistics in the graph above give an overview of the problem and are based on incidents involving shipboard and maritime shore workers.

　　緊急情況下的不當(dāng)行為。

　　Incidents resulting in fatalities of crew working in enclosed spaces on board ships are rising, despite the best efforts of various parties. New safety measures are needed to stem the tide.

　　monitoring equipment not used or not working properly

　　盡管各方都竭盡全力，但船員在船舶密閉空間工作導(dǎo)致的死亡事故仍在增加，需要采取新的安全措施來力挽狂瀾。

　　監(jiān)管不力;

　　A person has very little time to survive when the atmosphere is oxygen-deficient or toxic, but a personal gas meter will only sound an alarm when sufficient suspect air has passed through its sensors. At that time, the person in the enclosed space would have inhaled the same, if not more oxygen-deficient air. In most cases, the physical and mental abilities are greatly affected without the person being aware of it, and it only takes moments to lose consciousness in such spaces.

　　New safety measures needed to cut fatalities in enclosed spaces

　　non-compliance with procedures

　　Assessment and grading of participants should be made an important part of the training. Grading should reflect the performance of the candidate and point towards the need for further training, if required.

　　上圖中的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字(基于涉及船上和岸上工作職員的事件)對(duì)這個(gè)題目進(jìn)行了概述。

　　記錄代表以往表現(xiàn)，演習(xí)和練習(xí)則代表未來。為了評(píng)估演習(xí)效果作為自我改進(jìn)的一種手段，公司應(yīng)計(jì)劃進(jìn)行內(nèi)部航行審查，確保審查員有足夠的時(shí)間監(jiān)視演習(xí)，其中應(yīng)包括緊急情況和進(jìn)進(jìn)封閉空間的常規(guī)程序。

　　BIMCO和國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織(ISO)正在討論在密閉空間中缺乏工作裝備和安全措施的題目，并且決定開發(fā)一種包含此類要求的新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

　　“A firefighter must wear firefighting gear, a person working over the side must wear a life-vest and working aloft requires the use of a safety harness. For enclosed spaces, several pieces of equipment must be kept on standby for use during an emergency, but the person entering the space is not required to wear anything except a portable multi-gas detector,” Srinivasan says.

　　“Once the gas meter sounds an alarm, the victim is expected to make his or her way out, which sometimes involves climbing a ladder to the entrance of the space. Future design of gear should include breathing apparatus that is user-friendly and light enough for the worker to wear when working in an enclosed space, "Srinivasan says.

　　Most accidents occur when a crew member enters an enclosed and oxygen-deficient space, such as a tank for cleaning, without following all safety precautions and personal protection measures. When the incident is discovered, another crew member or possibly more, often enter the same space to rescue their colleague and suffer the same fate - often within minutes - because of oxygen-deficient or toxic air.

　　“Enclosed space fatalities could be avoided if there is a greater degree of involvement from all stakeholders and a higher level of preparation, including training," Srinivasan says.

　　Srinivasan先生表示，“假如所有利益相關(guān)方的參與程度更高，并且包括培訓(xùn)在內(nèi)的預(yù)備工作能達(dá)到更高的水平，密閉空間的死亡事故是可以避免的?！?/P>

　　Internal audits should target enclosed-space work procedures and apply justified repercussion for non-compliance or complacency. Lack of operational gas meters, spare parts, non-familiarity with the operation and testing should be seen in the same seriousness as a major non-conformity. The aim of such an exercise should be to emphasize the fear factor when working in enclosed spaces.

　　不遵守程序;

　　過度自信想走捷徑;

　　死亡人數(shù)上升是多種因素共同造成的，這些須改正的因素有：規(guī)章制度不足、設(shè)計(jì)不良、程序不充分、缺乏執(zhí)行力以及適合工作的安全裝備。

　　對(duì)學(xué)員的評(píng)分和考核應(yīng)成為培訓(xùn)的重要內(nèi)收留。評(píng)分應(yīng)反映出學(xué)員的表現(xiàn)，如有需要，一并指出其需進(jìn)一步培訓(xùn)。

　　Office involvement: Internal audits largely look at documentary evidence of past enclosed space work procedures and records. While drills are witnessed occasionally, audits are conducted in relatively short time, which leaves insufficient time to look into the practical aspects of such work.

　　調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，導(dǎo)致該題目的原因有：

　　當(dāng)缺氧或空氣有毒時(shí)，人們幾乎沒有逃生時(shí)間，但只有足量的可疑氣體通過傳感器時(shí)，氣量?jī)x才會(huì)發(fā)出警報(bào)。與此同時(shí)，密閉空間的人會(huì)吸進(jìn)等量氣體，否則就是缺氧。在大多數(shù)情況下，人們的身心能力在不易察覺的情況下受到極大影響，因此在密閉空間中失往意識(shí)只需片刻。

　　除強(qiáng)制演習(xí)外，其他非緊急情況的測(cè)試演習(xí)也應(yīng)成為船員和岸上工作職員的強(qiáng)制義務(wù)。

　　內(nèi)部審查應(yīng)聚焦封閉空間的工作程序，并對(duì)分歧規(guī)或自負(fù)行為采取公道的應(yīng)對(duì)措施。缺少可使用的氣量?jī)x、備件、對(duì)操縱和測(cè)試不熟練應(yīng)視為嚴(yán)重分歧格。如此做的目的是要夸大在封閉空間工作下這些可怕的因素。

　　The rise in fatalities is the result of a combination of factors that must be corrected and acted upon: insufficient regulations; bad design; inadequate procedures; lack of implementation; and a need for proper safety gear at work.

　　Srinivasan先生表示，“消防員必須穿著消防裝備，在船舷外工作的人必須穿著救生背心，在高空作業(yè)必須使用安全帶。密閉空間必須配備幾臺(tái)設(shè)備以保證在緊急情況下使用，但對(duì)于進(jìn)進(jìn)密閉空間的職員，除便攜式氣體檢測(cè)儀外無(wú)需穿著其他任何裝備。”

　　Investigations have identified a number of contributory aspects to the problem:

　　Despite the wealth of information and advice already available relating to the safety of crew entering and working in enclosed spaces on board ships, the death toll from such incidents remain at an alarming level, according to Ashok Srinivasan, Manager, Maritime Technology and Regulation at BIMCO.

　　complacency and over-familiarity leading to short cuts being taken

　　Lack of enclosed space working gear

　　BIMCO海事技術(shù)與監(jiān)管經(jīng)理Ashok Srinivasan先生表示，盡管在船員進(jìn)進(jìn)船舶密閉空間工作方面有大量的安全信息和建議，但此類事件造成的死亡人數(shù)仍處于令人震動(dòng)的水平。

　　Records are an indicator of past performance and drills and exercises are an indicator of future performance. To gauge future performance - and as a means of self-improvement - companies should plan sailing audits (internal) that ensure adequate time for an auditor to witness drills, which should include emergency scenarios and the routine procedures for enclosed space entries.

　　poor supervision

　　Training: Today, most shore-based training programmes for seafarers only require attendance, after which the attendee simply collects a certificate; the elements of assessment and examination are largely non-existent. On most ships, only senior officers can operate or check atmosphere testing instruments.

　　大多數(shù)事故發(fā)生在船員進(jìn)進(jìn)密閉且缺氧的空間(例如清洗油罐時(shí))，沒有遵循全部的安全預(yù)防措施和個(gè)人防護(hù)措施。當(dāng)事故發(fā)生后，經(jīng)常會(huì)有另一名或數(shù)名船員進(jìn)進(jìn)同一個(gè)地點(diǎn)營(yíng)救其同事，并由于缺氧或空氣有毒而遭受同樣的命運(yùn)(通常在幾分鐘之內(nèi))。

　　培訓(xùn)：如今，大多數(shù)海員的岸上培訓(xùn)計(jì)劃只要求參與，空運(yùn)報(bào)價(jià) 海運(yùn)價(jià)格，然后學(xué)員即可領(lǐng)取證書，基本的評(píng)估和考試是不存在的。在大多數(shù)船舶上，只有高級(jí)船員才能操縱或檢測(cè)空氣測(cè)試儀器。

　　Srinivasan先生表示，“一旦氣量?jī)x發(fā)出警報(bào)，受害者會(huì)急切求生，有時(shí)需要攀爬梯子才能返回進(jìn)口。未來設(shè)計(jì)的裝備，包括呼吸裝置應(yīng)更加人性化和輕巧，以便工作職員在密閉空間中工作時(shí)也可以佩戴?！?/P>

　　在BIMCO最近的委員會(huì)議上，一攬子想法被提出討論，其中一些應(yīng)該從公司層面上處理，還有一些應(yīng)在設(shè)備設(shè)計(jì)過程中解決，目的就是進(jìn)步船員的安全性并減少事故死亡人數(shù)：

　　In addition to mandatory drills, others testing non-emergency scenarios should be made obligatory for crew officers and shore workers.

　　不使用監(jiān)控設(shè)備或設(shè)備不能正常工作;

　　At recent BIMCO committee meetings, a variety of ideas have been discussed, some of which should be tackled at company level and some during the design process of equipment, in order to increase safety of the crew and reduce the number of fatalities: